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➕ Add chi (again)

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Andreas Schneider 2020-10-18 10:39:29 +02:00
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.idea
*.sw?
.vscode

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language: go
go:
- 1.10.x
- 1.11.x
- 1.12.x
script:
- go get -d -t ./...
- go vet ./...
- go test ./...
- >
go_version=$(go version);
if [ ${go_version:13:4} = "1.12" ]; then
go get -u golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports;
goimports -d -e ./ | grep '.*' && { echo; echo "Aborting due to non-empty goimports output."; exit 1; } || :;
fi

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# Changelog
## v4.0.0 (2019-01-10)
- chi v4 requires Go 1.10.3+ (or Go 1.9.7+) - we have deprecated support for Go 1.7 and 1.8
- router: respond with 404 on router with no routes (#362)
- router: additional check to ensure wildcard is at the end of a url pattern (#333)
- middleware: deprecate use of http.CloseNotifier (#347)
- middleware: fix RedirectSlashes to include query params on redirect (#334)
- History of changes: see https://github.com/go-chi/chi/compare/v3.3.4...v4.0.0
## v3.3.4 (2019-01-07)
- Minor middleware improvements. No changes to core library/router. Moving v3 into its
- own branch as a version of chi for Go 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11
- History of changes: see https://github.com/go-chi/chi/compare/v3.3.3...v3.3.4
## v3.3.3 (2018-08-27)
- Minor release
- See https://github.com/go-chi/chi/compare/v3.3.2...v3.3.3
## v3.3.2 (2017-12-22)
- Support to route trailing slashes on mounted sub-routers (#281)
- middleware: new `ContentCharset` to check matching charsets. Thank you
@csucu for your community contribution!
## v3.3.1 (2017-11-20)
- middleware: new `AllowContentType` handler for explicit whitelist of accepted request Content-Types
- middleware: new `SetHeader` handler for short-hand middleware to set a response header key/value
- Minor bug fixes
## v3.3.0 (2017-10-10)
- New chi.RegisterMethod(method) to add support for custom HTTP methods, see _examples/custom-method for usage
- Deprecated LINK and UNLINK methods from the default list, please use `chi.RegisterMethod("LINK")` and `chi.RegisterMethod("UNLINK")` in an `init()` function
## v3.2.1 (2017-08-31)
- Add new `Match(rctx *Context, method, path string) bool` method to `Routes` interface
and `Mux`. Match searches the mux's routing tree for a handler that matches the method/path
- Add new `RouteMethod` to `*Context`
- Add new `Routes` pointer to `*Context`
- Add new `middleware.GetHead` to route missing HEAD requests to GET handler
- Updated benchmarks (see README)
## v3.1.5 (2017-08-02)
- Setup golint and go vet for the project
- As per golint, we've redefined `func ServerBaseContext(h http.Handler, baseCtx context.Context) http.Handler`
to `func ServerBaseContext(baseCtx context.Context, h http.Handler) http.Handler`
## v3.1.0 (2017-07-10)
- Fix a few minor issues after v3 release
- Move `docgen` sub-pkg to https://github.com/go-chi/docgen
- Move `render` sub-pkg to https://github.com/go-chi/render
- Add new `URLFormat` handler to chi/middleware sub-pkg to make working with url mime
suffixes easier, ie. parsing `/articles/1.json` and `/articles/1.xml`. See comments in
https://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/master/middleware/url_format.go for example usage.
## v3.0.0 (2017-06-21)
- Major update to chi library with many exciting updates, but also some *breaking changes*
- URL parameter syntax changed from `/:id` to `/{id}` for even more flexible routing, such as
`/articles/{month}-{day}-{year}-{slug}`, `/articles/{id}`, and `/articles/{id}.{ext}` on the
same router
- Support for regexp for routing patterns, in the form of `/{paramKey:regExp}` for example:
`r.Get("/articles/{name:[a-z]+}", h)` and `chi.URLParam(r, "name")`
- Add `Method` and `MethodFunc` to `chi.Router` to allow routing definitions such as
`r.Method("GET", "/", h)` which provides a cleaner interface for custom handlers like
in `_examples/custom-handler`
- Deprecating `mux#FileServer` helper function. Instead, we encourage users to create their
own using file handler with the stdlib, see `_examples/fileserver` for an example
- Add support for LINK/UNLINK http methods via `r.Method()` and `r.MethodFunc()`
- Moved the chi project to its own organization, to allow chi-related community packages to
be easily discovered and supported, at: https://github.com/go-chi
- *NOTE:* please update your import paths to `"github.com/go-chi/chi"`
- *NOTE:* chi v2 is still available at https://github.com/go-chi/chi/tree/v2
## v2.1.0 (2017-03-30)
- Minor improvements and update to the chi core library
- Introduced a brand new `chi/render` sub-package to complete the story of building
APIs to offer a pattern for managing well-defined request / response payloads. Please
check out the updated `_examples/rest` example for how it works.
- Added `MethodNotAllowed(h http.HandlerFunc)` to chi.Router interface
## v2.0.0 (2017-01-06)
- After many months of v2 being in an RC state with many companies and users running it in
production, the inclusion of some improvements to the middlewares, we are very pleased to
announce v2.0.0 of chi.
## v2.0.0-rc1 (2016-07-26)
- Huge update! chi v2 is a large refactor targetting Go 1.7+. As of Go 1.7, the popular
community `"net/context"` package has been included in the standard library as `"context"` and
utilized by `"net/http"` and `http.Request` to managing deadlines, cancelation signals and other
request-scoped values. We're very excited about the new context addition and are proud to
introduce chi v2, a minimal and powerful routing package for building large HTTP services,
with zero external dependencies. Chi focuses on idiomatic design and encourages the use of
stdlib HTTP handlers and middlwares.
- chi v2 deprecates its `chi.Handler` interface and requires `http.Handler` or `http.HandlerFunc`
- chi v2 stores URL routing parameters and patterns in the standard request context: `r.Context()`
- chi v2 lower-level routing context is accessible by `chi.RouteContext(r.Context()) *chi.Context`,
which provides direct access to URL routing parameters, the routing path and the matching
routing patterns.
- Users upgrading from chi v1 to v2, need to:
1. Update the old chi.Handler signature, `func(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)` to
the standard http.Handler: `func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)`
2. Use `chi.URLParam(r *http.Request, paramKey string) string`
or `URLParamFromCtx(ctx context.Context, paramKey string) string` to access a url parameter value
## v1.0.0 (2016-07-01)
- Released chi v1 stable https://github.com/go-chi/chi/tree/v1.0.0 for Go 1.6 and older.
## v0.9.0 (2016-03-31)
- Reuse context objects via sync.Pool for zero-allocation routing [#33](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/pull/33)
- BREAKING NOTE: due to subtle API changes, previously `chi.URLParams(ctx)["id"]` used to access url parameters
has changed to: `chi.URLParam(ctx, "id")`

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# Contributing
## Prerequisites
1. [Install Go][go-install].
2. Download the sources and switch the working directory:
```bash
go get -u -d github.com/go-chi/chi
cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/go-chi/chi
```
## Submitting a Pull Request
A typical workflow is:
1. [Fork the repository.][fork] [This tip maybe also helpful.][go-fork-tip]
2. [Create a topic branch.][branch]
3. Add tests for your change.
4. Run `go test`. If your tests pass, return to the step 3.
5. Implement the change and ensure the steps from the previous step pass.
6. Run `goimports -w .`, to ensure the new code conforms to Go formatting guideline.
7. [Add, commit and push your changes.][git-help]
8. [Submit a pull request.][pull-req]
[go-install]: https://golang.org/doc/install
[go-fork-tip]: http://blog.campoy.cat/2014/03/github-and-go-forking-pull-requests-and.html
[fork]: https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo
[branch]: http://learn.github.com/p/branching.html
[git-help]: https://guides.github.com
[pull-req]: https://help.github.com/articles/using-pull-requests

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Copyright (c) 2015-present Peter Kieltyka (https://github.com/pkieltyka), Google Inc.
MIT License
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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# <img alt="chi" src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/go-chi/chi/master/_examples/chi.svg" width="220" />
[![GoDoc Widget]][GoDoc] [![Travis Widget]][Travis]
`chi` is a lightweight, idiomatic and composable router for building Go HTTP services. It's
especially good at helping you write large REST API services that are kept maintainable as your
project grows and changes. `chi` is built on the new `context` package introduced in Go 1.7 to
handle signaling, cancelation and request-scoped values across a handler chain.
The focus of the project has been to seek out an elegant and comfortable design for writing
REST API servers, written during the development of the Pressly API service that powers our
public API service, which in turn powers all of our client-side applications.
The key considerations of chi's design are: project structure, maintainability, standard http
handlers (stdlib-only), developer productivity, and deconstructing a large system into many small
parts. The core router `github.com/go-chi/chi` is quite small (less than 1000 LOC), but we've also
included some useful/optional subpackages: [middleware](/middleware), [render](https://github.com/go-chi/render) and [docgen](https://github.com/go-chi/docgen). We hope you enjoy it too!
## Install
`go get -u github.com/go-chi/chi`
## Features
* **Lightweight** - cloc'd in ~1000 LOC for the chi router
* **Fast** - yes, see [benchmarks](#benchmarks)
* **100% compatible with net/http** - use any http or middleware pkg in the ecosystem that is also compatible with `net/http`
* **Designed for modular/composable APIs** - middlewares, inline middlewares, route groups and subrouter mounting
* **Context control** - built on new `context` package, providing value chaining, cancelations and timeouts
* **Robust** - in production at Pressly, CloudFlare, Heroku, 99Designs, and many others (see [discussion](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/issues/91))
* **Doc generation** - `docgen` auto-generates routing documentation from your source to JSON or Markdown
* **No external dependencies** - plain ol' Go stdlib + net/http
## Examples
See [_examples/](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/master/_examples/) for a variety of examples.
**As easy as:**
```go
package main
import (
"net/http"
"github.com/go-chi/chi"
)
func main() {
r := chi.NewRouter()
r.Get("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Write([]byte("welcome"))
})
http.ListenAndServe(":3000", r)
}
```
**REST Preview:**
Here is a little preview of how routing looks like with chi. Also take a look at the generated routing docs
in JSON ([routes.json](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/master/_examples/rest/routes.json)) and in
Markdown ([routes.md](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/master/_examples/rest/routes.md)).
I highly recommend reading the source of the [examples](https://github.com/go-chi/chi/blob/master/_examples/) listed
above, they will show you all the features of chi and serve as a good form of documentation.
```go
import (
//...
"context"
"github.com/go-chi/chi"
"github.com/go-chi/chi/middleware"
)
func main() {
r := chi.NewRouter()
// A good base middleware stack
r.Use(middleware.RequestID)
r.Use(middleware.RealIP)
r.Use(middleware.Logger)
r.Use(middleware.Recoverer)
// Set a timeout value on the request context (ctx), that will signal
// through ctx.Done() that the request has timed out and further
// processing should be stopped.
r.Use(middleware.Timeout(60 * time.Second))
r.Get("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Write([]byte("hi"))
})
// RESTy routes for "articles" resource
r.Route("/articles", func(r chi.Router) {
r.With(paginate).Get("/", listArticles) // GET /articles
r.With(paginate).Get("/{month}-{day}-{year}", listArticlesByDate) // GET /articles/01-16-2017
r.Post("/", createArticle) // POST /articles
r.Get("/search", searchArticles) // GET /articles/search
// Regexp url parameters:
r.Get("/{articleSlug:[a-z-]+}", getArticleBySlug) // GET /articles/home-is-toronto
// Subrouters:
r.Route("/{articleID}", func(r chi.Router) {
r.Use(ArticleCtx)
r.Get("/", getArticle) // GET /articles/123
r.Put("/", updateArticle) // PUT /articles/123
r.Delete("/", deleteArticle) // DELETE /articles/123
})
})
// Mount the admin sub-router
r.Mount("/admin", adminRouter())
http.ListenAndServe(":3333", r)
}
func ArticleCtx(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
articleID := chi.URLParam(r, "articleID")
article, err := dbGetArticle(articleID)
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, http.StatusText(404), 404)
return
}
ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), "article", article)
next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
})
}
func getArticle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
ctx := r.Context()
article, ok := ctx.Value("article").(*Article)
if !ok {
http.Error(w, http.StatusText(422), 422)
return
}
w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("title:%s", article.Title)))
}
// A completely separate router for administrator routes
func adminRouter() http.Handler {
r := chi.NewRouter()
r.Use(AdminOnly)
r.Get("/", adminIndex)
r.Get("/accounts", adminListAccounts)
return r
}
func AdminOnly(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
ctx := r.Context()
perm, ok := ctx.Value("acl.permission").(YourPermissionType)
if !ok || !perm.IsAdmin() {
http.Error(w, http.StatusText(403), 403)
return
}
next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
})
}
```
## Router design
chi's router is based on a kind of [Patricia Radix trie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree).
The router is fully compatible with `net/http`.
Built on top of the tree is the `Router` interface:
```go
// Router consisting of the core routing methods used by chi's Mux,
// using only the standard net/http.
type Router interface {
http.Handler
Routes
// Use appends one of more middlewares onto the Router stack.
Use(middlewares ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler)
// With adds inline middlewares for an endpoint handler.
With(middlewares ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler) Router
// Group adds a new inline-Router along the current routing
// path, with a fresh middleware stack for the inline-Router.
Group(fn func(r Router)) Router
// Route mounts a sub-Router along a `pattern`` string.
Route(pattern string, fn func(r Router)) Router
// Mount attaches another http.Handler along ./pattern/*
Mount(pattern string, h http.Handler)
// Handle and HandleFunc adds routes for `pattern` that matches
// all HTTP methods.
Handle(pattern string, h http.Handler)
HandleFunc(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
// Method and MethodFunc adds routes for `pattern` that matches
// the `method` HTTP method.
Method(method, pattern string, h http.Handler)
MethodFunc(method, pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
// HTTP-method routing along `pattern`
Connect(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Delete(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Get(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Head(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Options(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Patch(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Post(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Put(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Trace(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
// NotFound defines a handler to respond whenever a route could
// not be found.
NotFound(h http.HandlerFunc)
// MethodNotAllowed defines a handler to respond whenever a method is
// not allowed.
MethodNotAllowed(h http.HandlerFunc)
}
// Routes interface adds two methods for router traversal, which is also
// used by the github.com/go-chi/docgen package to generate documentation for Routers.
type Routes interface {
// Routes returns the routing tree in an easily traversable structure.
Routes() []Route
// Middlewares returns the list of middlewares in use by the router.
Middlewares() Middlewares
// Match searches the routing tree for a handler that matches
// the method/path - similar to routing a http request, but without
// executing the handler thereafter.
Match(rctx *Context, method, path string) bool
}
```
Each routing method accepts a URL `pattern` and chain of `handlers`. The URL pattern
supports named params (ie. `/users/{userID}`) and wildcards (ie. `/admin/*`). URL parameters
can be fetched at runtime by calling `chi.URLParam(r, "userID")` for named parameters
and `chi.URLParam(r, "*")` for a wildcard parameter.
### Middleware handlers
chi's middlewares are just stdlib net/http middleware handlers. There is nothing special
about them, which means the router and all the tooling is designed to be compatible and
friendly with any middleware in the community. This offers much better extensibility and reuse
of packages and is at the heart of chi's purpose.
Here is an example of a standard net/http middleware handler using the new request context
available in Go. This middleware sets a hypothetical user identifier on the request
context and calls the next handler in the chain.
```go
// HTTP middleware setting a value on the request context
func MyMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), "user", "123")
next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
})
}
```
### Request handlers
chi uses standard net/http request handlers. This little snippet is an example of a http.Handler
func that reads a user identifier from the request context - hypothetically, identifying
the user sending an authenticated request, validated+set by a previous middleware handler.
```go
// HTTP handler accessing data from the request context.
func MyRequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
user := r.Context().Value("user").(string)
w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("hi %s", user)))
}
```
### URL parameters
chi's router parses and stores URL parameters right onto the request context. Here is
an example of how to access URL params in your net/http handlers. And of course, middlewares
are able to access the same information.
```go
// HTTP handler accessing the url routing parameters.
func MyRequestHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
userID := chi.URLParam(r, "userID") // from a route like /users/{userID}
ctx := r.Context()
key := ctx.Value("key").(string)
w.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("hi %v, %v", userID, key)))
}
```
## Middlewares
chi comes equipped with an optional `middleware` package, providing a suite of standard
`net/http` middlewares. Please note, any middleware in the ecosystem that is also compatible
with `net/http` can be used with chi's mux.
### Core middlewares
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| chi/middleware Handler | description |
|:----------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| AllowContentType | Explicit whitelist of accepted request Content-Types |
| Compress | Gzip compression for clients that accept compressed responses |
| GetHead | Automatically route undefined HEAD requests to GET handlers |
| Heartbeat | Monitoring endpoint to check the servers pulse |
| Logger | Logs the start and end of each request with the elapsed processing time |
| NoCache | Sets response headers to prevent clients from caching |
| Profiler | Easily attach net/http/pprof to your routers |
| RealIP | Sets a http.Request's RemoteAddr to either X-Forwarded-For or X-Real-IP |
| Recoverer | Gracefully absorb panics and prints the stack trace |
| RequestID | Injects a request ID into the context of each request |
| RedirectSlashes | Redirect slashes on routing paths |
| SetHeader | Short-hand middleware to set a response header key/value |
| StripSlashes | Strip slashes on routing paths |
| Throttle | Puts a ceiling on the number of concurrent requests |
| Timeout | Signals to the request context when the timeout deadline is reached |
| URLFormat | Parse extension from url and put it on request context |
| WithValue | Short-hand middleware to set a key/value on the request context |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Auxiliary middlewares & packages
Please see https://github.com/go-chi for additional packages.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| package | description |
|:---------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------
| [cors](https://github.com/go-chi/cors) | Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) |
| [docgen](https://github.com/go-chi/docgen) | Print chi.Router routes at runtime |
| [jwtauth](https://github.com/go-chi/jwtauth) | JWT authentication |
| [hostrouter](https://github.com/go-chi/hostrouter) | Domain/host based request routing |
| [httpcoala](https://github.com/go-chi/httpcoala) | HTTP request coalescer |
| [chi-authz](https://github.com/casbin/chi-authz) | Request ACL via https://github.com/hsluoyz/casbin |
| [phi](https://github.com/fate-lovely/phi) | Port chi to [fasthttp](https://github.com/valyala/fasthttp) |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
please [submit a PR](./CONTRIBUTING.md) if you'd like to include a link to a chi-compatible middleware
## context?
`context` is a tiny pkg that provides simple interface to signal context across call stacks
and goroutines. It was originally written by [Sameer Ajmani](https://github.com/Sajmani)
and is available in stdlib since go1.7.
Learn more at https://blog.golang.org/context
and..
* Docs: https://golang.org/pkg/context
* Source: https://github.com/golang/go/tree/master/src/context
## Benchmarks
The benchmark suite: https://github.com/pkieltyka/go-http-routing-benchmark
Results as of Jan 9, 2019 with Go 1.11.4 on Linux X1 Carbon laptop
```shell
BenchmarkChi_Param 3000000 475 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_Param5 2000000 696 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_Param20 1000000 1275 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_ParamWrite 3000000 505 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_GithubStatic 3000000 508 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_GithubParam 2000000 669 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_GithubAll 10000 134627 ns/op 87699 B/op 609 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_GPlusStatic 3000000 402 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_GPlusParam 3000000 500 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_GPlus2Params 3000000 586 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_GPlusAll 200000 7237 ns/op 5616 B/op 39 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_ParseStatic 3000000 408 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_ParseParam 3000000 488 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_Parse2Params 3000000 551 ns/op 432 B/op 3 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_ParseAll 100000 13508 ns/op 11232 B/op 78 allocs/op
BenchmarkChi_StaticAll 20000 81933 ns/op 67826 B/op 471 allocs/op
```
Comparison with other routers: https://gist.github.com/pkieltyka/123032f12052520aaccab752bd3e78cc
NOTE: the allocs in the benchmark above are from the calls to http.Request's
`WithContext(context.Context)` method that clones the http.Request, sets the `Context()`
on the duplicated (alloc'd) request and returns it the new request object. This is just
how setting context on a request in Go works.
## Credits
* Carl Jackson for https://github.com/zenazn/goji
* Parts of chi's thinking comes from goji, and chi's middleware package
sources from goji.
* Armon Dadgar for https://github.com/armon/go-radix
* Contributions: [@VojtechVitek](https://github.com/VojtechVitek)
We'll be more than happy to see [your contributions](./CONTRIBUTING.md)!
## Beyond REST
chi is just a http router that lets you decompose request handling into many smaller layers.
Many companies including Pressly.com (of course) use chi to write REST services for their public
APIs. But, REST is just a convention for managing state via HTTP, and there's a lot of other pieces
required to write a complete client-server system or network of microservices.
Looking ahead beyond REST, I also recommend some newer works in the field coming from
[gRPC](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go), [NATS](https://nats.io), [go-kit](https://github.com/go-kit/kit)
and even [graphql](https://github.com/graphql-go/graphql). They're all pretty cool with their
own unique approaches and benefits. Specifically, I'd look at gRPC since it makes client-server
communication feel like a single program on a single computer, no need to hand-write a client library
and the request/response payloads are typed contracts. NATS is pretty amazing too as a super
fast and lightweight pub-sub transport that can speak protobufs, with nice service discovery -
an excellent combination with gRPC.
## License
Copyright (c) 2015-present [Peter Kieltyka](https://github.com/pkieltyka)
Licensed under [MIT License](./LICENSE)
[GoDoc]: https://godoc.org/github.com/go-chi/chi
[GoDoc Widget]: https://godoc.org/github.com/go-chi/chi?status.svg
[Travis]: https://travis-ci.org/go-chi/chi
[Travis Widget]: https://travis-ci.org/go-chi/chi.svg?branch=master

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package chi
import "net/http"
// Chain returns a Middlewares type from a slice of middleware handlers.
func Chain(middlewares ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler) Middlewares {
return Middlewares(middlewares)
}
// Handler builds and returns a http.Handler from the chain of middlewares,
// with `h http.Handler` as the final handler.
func (mws Middlewares) Handler(h http.Handler) http.Handler {
return &ChainHandler{mws, h, chain(mws, h)}
}
// HandlerFunc builds and returns a http.Handler from the chain of middlewares,
// with `h http.Handler` as the final handler.
func (mws Middlewares) HandlerFunc(h http.HandlerFunc) http.Handler {
return &ChainHandler{mws, h, chain(mws, h)}
}
// ChainHandler is a http.Handler with support for handler composition and
// execution.
type ChainHandler struct {
Middlewares Middlewares
Endpoint http.Handler
chain http.Handler
}
func (c *ChainHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
c.chain.ServeHTTP(w, r)
}
// chain builds a http.Handler composed of an inline middleware stack and endpoint
// handler in the order they are passed.
func chain(middlewares []func(http.Handler) http.Handler, endpoint http.Handler) http.Handler {
// Return ahead of time if there aren't any middlewares for the chain
if len(middlewares) == 0 {
return endpoint
}
// Wrap the end handler with the middleware chain
h := middlewares[len(middlewares)-1](endpoint)
for i := len(middlewares) - 2; i >= 0; i-- {
h = middlewares[i](h)
}
return h
}

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//
// Package chi is a small, idiomatic and composable router for building HTTP services.
//
// chi requires Go 1.7 or newer.
//
// Example:
// package main
//
// import (
// "net/http"
//
// "github.com/go-chi/chi"
// "github.com/go-chi/chi/middleware"
// )
//
// func main() {
// r := chi.NewRouter()
// r.Use(middleware.Logger)
// r.Use(middleware.Recoverer)
//
// r.Get("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// w.Write([]byte("root."))
// })
//
// http.ListenAndServe(":3333", r)
// }
//
// See github.com/go-chi/chi/_examples/ for more in-depth examples.
//
// URL patterns allow for easy matching of path components in HTTP
// requests. The matching components can then be accessed using
// chi.URLParam(). All patterns must begin with a slash.
//
// A simple named placeholder {name} matches any sequence of characters
// up to the next / or the end of the URL. Trailing slashes on paths must
// be handled explicitly.
//
// A placeholder with a name followed by a colon allows a regular
// expression match, for example {number:\\d+}. The regular expression
// syntax is Go's normal regexp RE2 syntax, except that regular expressions
// including { or } are not supported, and / will never be
// matched. An anonymous regexp pattern is allowed, using an empty string
// before the colon in the placeholder, such as {:\\d+}
//
// The special placeholder of asterisk matches the rest of the requested
// URL. Any trailing characters in the pattern are ignored. This is the only
// placeholder which will match / characters.
//
// Examples:
// "/user/{name}" matches "/user/jsmith" but not "/user/jsmith/info" or "/user/jsmith/"
// "/user/{name}/info" matches "/user/jsmith/info"
// "/page/*" matches "/page/intro/latest"
// "/page/*/index" also matches "/page/intro/latest"
// "/date/{yyyy:\\d\\d\\d\\d}/{mm:\\d\\d}/{dd:\\d\\d}" matches "/date/2017/04/01"
//
package chi
import "net/http"
// NewRouter returns a new Mux object that implements the Router interface.
func NewRouter() *Mux {
return NewMux()
}
// Router consisting of the core routing methods used by chi's Mux,
// using only the standard net/http.
type Router interface {
http.Handler
Routes
// Use appends one of more middlewares onto the Router stack.
Use(middlewares ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler)
// With adds inline middlewares for an endpoint handler.
With(middlewares ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler) Router
// Group adds a new inline-Router along the current routing
// path, with a fresh middleware stack for the inline-Router.
Group(fn func(r Router)) Router
// Route mounts a sub-Router along a `pattern`` string.
Route(pattern string, fn func(r Router)) Router
// Mount attaches another http.Handler along ./pattern/*
Mount(pattern string, h http.Handler)
// Handle and HandleFunc adds routes for `pattern` that matches
// all HTTP methods.
Handle(pattern string, h http.Handler)
HandleFunc(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
// Method and MethodFunc adds routes for `pattern` that matches
// the `method` HTTP method.
Method(method, pattern string, h http.Handler)
MethodFunc(method, pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
// HTTP-method routing along `pattern`
Connect(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Delete(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Get(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Head(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Options(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Patch(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Post(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Put(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
Trace(pattern string, h http.HandlerFunc)
// NotFound defines a handler to respond whenever a route could
// not be found.
NotFound(h http.HandlerFunc)
// MethodNotAllowed defines a handler to respond whenever a method is
// not allowed.
MethodNotAllowed(h http.HandlerFunc)
}
// Routes interface adds two methods for router traversal, which is also
// used by the `docgen` subpackage to generation documentation for Routers.
type Routes interface {
// Routes returns the routing tree in an easily traversable structure.
Routes() []Route
// Middlewares returns the list of middlewares in use by the router.
Middlewares() Middlewares
// Match searches the routing tree for a handler that matches
// the method/path - similar to routing a http request, but without
// executing the handler thereafter.
Match(rctx *Context, method, path string) bool
}
// Middlewares type is a slice of standard middleware handlers with methods
// to compose middleware chains and http.Handler's.
type Middlewares []func(http.Handler) http.Handler

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package chi
import (
"context"
"net"
"net/http"
"strings"
)
var (
// RouteCtxKey is the context.Context key to store the request context.
RouteCtxKey = &contextKey{"RouteContext"}
)
// Context is the default routing context set on the root node of a
// request context to track route patterns, URL parameters and
// an optional routing path.
type Context struct {
Routes Routes
// Routing path/method override used during the route search.
// See Mux#routeHTTP method.
RoutePath string
RouteMethod string
// Routing pattern stack throughout the lifecycle of the request,
// across all connected routers. It is a record of all matching
// patterns across a stack of sub-routers.
RoutePatterns []string
// URLParams are the stack of routeParams captured during the
// routing lifecycle across a stack of sub-routers.
URLParams RouteParams
// The endpoint routing pattern that matched the request URI path
// or `RoutePath` of the current sub-router. This value will update
// during the lifecycle of a request passing through a stack of
// sub-routers.
routePattern string
// Route parameters matched for the current sub-router. It is
// intentionally unexported so it cant be tampered.
routeParams RouteParams
// methodNotAllowed hint
methodNotAllowed bool
}
// NewRouteContext returns a new routing Context object.
func NewRouteContext() *Context {
return &Context{}
}
// Reset a routing context to its initial state.
func (x *Context) Reset() {
x.Routes = nil
x.RoutePath = ""
x.RouteMethod = ""
x.RoutePatterns = x.RoutePatterns[:0]
x.URLParams.Keys = x.URLParams.Keys[:0]
x.URLParams.Values = x.URLParams.Values[:0]
x.routePattern = ""
x.routeParams.Keys = x.routeParams.Keys[:0]
x.routeParams.Values = x.routeParams.Values[:0]
x.methodNotAllowed = false
}
// URLParam returns the corresponding URL parameter value from the request
// routing context.
func (x *Context) URLParam(key string) string {
for k := len(x.URLParams.Keys) - 1; k >= 0; k-- {
if x.URLParams.Keys[k] == key {
return x.URLParams.Values[k]
}
}
return ""
}
// RoutePattern builds the routing pattern string for the particular
// request, at the particular point during routing. This means, the value
// will change throughout the execution of a request in a router. That is
// why its advised to only use this value after calling the next handler.
//
// For example,
//
// func Instrument(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
// return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
// routePattern := chi.RouteContext(r.Context()).RoutePattern()
// measure(w, r, routePattern)
// })
// }
func (x *Context) RoutePattern() string {
routePattern := strings.Join(x.RoutePatterns, "")
return strings.Replace(routePattern, "/*/", "/", -1)
}
// RouteContext returns chi's routing Context object from a
// http.Request Context.
func RouteContext(ctx context.Context) *Context {
return ctx.Value(RouteCtxKey).(*Context)
}
// URLParam returns the url parameter from a http.Request object.
func URLParam(r *http.Request, key string) string {
if rctx := RouteContext(r.Context()); rctx != nil {
return rctx.URLParam(key)
}
return ""
}
// URLParamFromCtx returns the url parameter from a http.Request Context.
func URLParamFromCtx(ctx context.Context, key string) string {
if rctx := RouteContext(ctx); rctx != nil {
return rctx.URLParam(key)
}
return ""
}
// RouteParams is a structure to track URL routing parameters efficiently.
type RouteParams struct {
Keys, Values []string
}
// Add will append a URL parameter to the end of the route param
func (s *RouteParams) Add(key, value string) {
(*s).Keys = append((*s).Keys, key)
(*s).Values = append((*s).Values, value)
}
// ServerBaseContext wraps an http.Handler to set the request context to the
// `baseCtx`.
func ServerBaseContext(baseCtx context.Context, h http.Handler) http.Handler {
fn := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
ctx := r.Context()
baseCtx := baseCtx
// Copy over default net/http server context keys
if v, ok := ctx.Value(http.ServerContextKey).(*http.Server); ok {
baseCtx = context.WithValue(baseCtx, http.ServerContextKey, v)
}
if v, ok := ctx.Value(http.LocalAddrContextKey).(net.Addr); ok {
baseCtx = context.WithValue(baseCtx, http.LocalAddrContextKey, v)
}
h.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(baseCtx))
})
return fn
}
// contextKey is a value for use with context.WithValue. It's used as
// a pointer so it fits in an interface{} without allocation. This technique
// for defining context keys was copied from Go 1.7's new use of context in net/http.
type contextKey struct {
name string
}
func (k *contextKey) String() string {
return "chi context value " + k.name
}

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package chi
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"net/http"
"strings"
"sync"
)
var _ Router = &Mux{}
// Mux is a simple HTTP route multiplexer that parses a request path,
// records any URL params, and executes an end handler. It implements
// the http.Handler interface and is friendly with the standard library.
//
// Mux is designed to be fast, minimal and offer a powerful API for building
// modular and composable HTTP services with a large set of handlers. It's
// particularly useful for writing large REST API services that break a handler
// into many smaller parts composed of middlewares and end handlers.
type Mux struct {
// The radix trie router
tree *node
// The middleware stack
middlewares []func(http.Handler) http.Handler
// Controls the behaviour of middleware chain generation when a mux
// is registered as an inline group inside another mux.
inline bool
parent *Mux
// The computed mux handler made of the chained middleware stack and
// the tree router
handler http.Handler
// Routing context pool
pool *sync.Pool
// Custom route not found handler
notFoundHandler http.HandlerFunc
// Custom method not allowed handler
methodNotAllowedHandler http.HandlerFunc
}
// NewMux returns a newly initialized Mux object that implements the Router
// interface.
func NewMux() *Mux {
mux := &Mux{tree: &node{}, pool: &sync.Pool{}}
mux.pool.New = func() interface{} {
return NewRouteContext()
}
return mux
}
// ServeHTTP is the single method of the http.Handler interface that makes
// Mux interoperable with the standard library. It uses a sync.Pool to get and
// reuse routing contexts for each request.
func (mx *Mux) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// Ensure the mux has some routes defined on the mux
if mx.handler == nil {
mx.NotFoundHandler().ServeHTTP(w, r)
return
}
// Check if a routing context already exists from a parent router.
rctx, _ := r.Context().Value(RouteCtxKey).(*Context)
if rctx != nil {
mx.handler.ServeHTTP(w, r)
return
}
// Fetch a RouteContext object from the sync pool, and call the computed
// mx.handler that is comprised of mx.middlewares + mx.routeHTTP.
// Once the request is finished, reset the routing context and put it back
// into the pool for reuse from another request.
rctx = mx.pool.Get().(*Context)
rctx.Reset()
rctx.Routes = mx
r = r.WithContext(context.WithValue(r.Context(), RouteCtxKey, rctx))
mx.handler.ServeHTTP(w, r)
mx.pool.Put(rctx)
}
// Use appends a middleware handler to the Mux middleware stack.
//
// The middleware stack for any Mux will execute before searching for a matching
// route to a specific handler, which provides opportunity to respond early,
// change the course of the request execution, or set request-scoped values for
// the next http.Handler.
func (mx *Mux) Use(middlewares ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler) {
if mx.handler != nil {
panic("chi: all middlewares must be defined before routes on a mux")
}
mx.middlewares = append(mx.middlewares, middlewares...)
}
// Handle adds the route `pattern` that matches any http method to
// execute the `handler` http.Handler.
func (mx *Mux) Handle(pattern string, handler http.Handler) {
mx.handle(mALL, pattern, handler)
}
// HandleFunc adds the route `pattern` that matches any http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) HandleFunc(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mALL, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Method adds the route `pattern` that matches `method` http method to
// execute the `handler` http.Handler.
func (mx *Mux) Method(method, pattern string, handler http.Handler) {
m, ok := methodMap[strings.ToUpper(method)]
if !ok {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("chi: '%s' http method is not supported.", method))
}
mx.handle(m, pattern, handler)
}
// MethodFunc adds the route `pattern` that matches `method` http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) MethodFunc(method, pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.Method(method, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Connect adds the route `pattern` that matches a CONNECT http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Connect(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mCONNECT, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Delete adds the route `pattern` that matches a DELETE http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Delete(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mDELETE, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Get adds the route `pattern` that matches a GET http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Get(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mGET, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Head adds the route `pattern` that matches a HEAD http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Head(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mHEAD, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Options adds the route `pattern` that matches a OPTIONS http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Options(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mOPTIONS, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Patch adds the route `pattern` that matches a PATCH http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Patch(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mPATCH, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Post adds the route `pattern` that matches a POST http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Post(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mPOST, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Put adds the route `pattern` that matches a PUT http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Put(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mPUT, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// Trace adds the route `pattern` that matches a TRACE http method to
// execute the `handlerFn` http.HandlerFunc.
func (mx *Mux) Trace(pattern string, handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
mx.handle(mTRACE, pattern, handlerFn)
}
// NotFound sets a custom http.HandlerFunc for routing paths that could
// not be found. The default 404 handler is `http.NotFound`.
func (mx *Mux) NotFound(handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
// Build NotFound handler chain
m := mx
hFn := handlerFn
if mx.inline && mx.parent != nil {
m = mx.parent
hFn = Chain(mx.middlewares...).HandlerFunc(hFn).ServeHTTP
}
// Update the notFoundHandler from this point forward
m.notFoundHandler = hFn
m.updateSubRoutes(func(subMux *Mux) {
if subMux.notFoundHandler == nil {
subMux.NotFound(hFn)
}
})
}
// MethodNotAllowed sets a custom http.HandlerFunc for routing paths where the
// method is unresolved. The default handler returns a 405 with an empty body.
func (mx *Mux) MethodNotAllowed(handlerFn http.HandlerFunc) {
// Build MethodNotAllowed handler chain
m := mx
hFn := handlerFn
if mx.inline && mx.parent != nil {
m = mx.parent
hFn = Chain(mx.middlewares...).HandlerFunc(hFn).ServeHTTP
}
// Update the methodNotAllowedHandler from this point forward
m.methodNotAllowedHandler = hFn
m.updateSubRoutes(func(subMux *Mux) {
if subMux.methodNotAllowedHandler == nil {
subMux.MethodNotAllowed(hFn)
}
})
}
// With adds inline middlewares for an endpoint handler.
func (mx *Mux) With(middlewares ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler) Router {
// Similarly as in handle(), we must build the mux handler once further
// middleware registration isn't allowed for this stack, like now.
if !mx.inline && mx.handler == nil {
mx.buildRouteHandler()
}
// Copy middlewares from parent inline muxs
var mws Middlewares
if mx.inline {
mws = make(Middlewares, len(mx.middlewares))
copy(mws, mx.middlewares)
}
mws = append(mws, middlewares...)
im := &Mux{pool: mx.pool, inline: true, parent: mx, tree: mx.tree, middlewares: mws}
return im
}
// Group creates a new inline-Mux with a fresh middleware stack. It's useful
// for a group of handlers along the same routing path that use an additional
// set of middlewares. See _examples/.
func (mx *Mux) Group(fn func(r Router)) Router {
im := mx.With().(*Mux)
if fn != nil {
fn(im)
}
return im
}
// Route creates a new Mux with a fresh middleware stack and mounts it
// along the `pattern` as a subrouter. Effectively, this is a short-hand
// call to Mount. See _examples/.
func (mx *Mux) Route(pattern string, fn func(r Router)) Router {
subRouter := NewRouter()
if fn != nil {
fn(subRouter)
}
mx.Mount(pattern, subRouter)
return subRouter
}
// Mount attaches another http.Handler or chi Router as a subrouter along a routing
// path. It's very useful to split up a large API as many independent routers and
// compose them as a single service using Mount. See _examples/.
//
// Note that Mount() simply sets a wildcard along the `pattern` that will continue
// routing at the `handler`, which in most cases is another chi.Router. As a result,
// if you define two Mount() routes on the exact same pattern the mount will panic.
func (mx *Mux) Mount(pattern string, handler http.Handler) {
// Provide runtime safety for ensuring a pattern isn't mounted on an existing
// routing pattern.
if mx.tree.findPattern(pattern+"*") || mx.tree.findPattern(pattern+"/*") {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("chi: attempting to Mount() a handler on an existing path, '%s'", pattern))
}
// Assign sub-Router's with the parent not found & method not allowed handler if not specified.
subr, ok := handler.(*Mux)
if ok && subr.notFoundHandler == nil && mx.notFoundHandler != nil {
subr.NotFound(mx.notFoundHandler)
}
if ok && subr.methodNotAllowedHandler == nil && mx.methodNotAllowedHandler != nil {
subr.MethodNotAllowed(mx.methodNotAllowedHandler)
}
// Wrap the sub-router in a handlerFunc to scope the request path for routing.
mountHandler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
rctx := RouteContext(r.Context())
rctx.RoutePath = mx.nextRoutePath(rctx)
handler.ServeHTTP(w, r)
})
if pattern == "" || pattern[len(pattern)-1] != '/' {
mx.handle(mALL|mSTUB, pattern, mountHandler)
mx.handle(mALL|mSTUB, pattern+"/", mountHandler)
pattern += "/"
}
method := mALL
subroutes, _ := handler.(Routes)
if subroutes != nil {
method |= mSTUB
}
n := mx.handle(method, pattern+"*", mountHandler)
if subroutes != nil {
n.subroutes = subroutes
}
}
// Routes returns a slice of routing information from the tree,
// useful for traversing available routes of a router.
func (mx *Mux) Routes() []Route {
return mx.tree.routes()
}
// Middlewares returns a slice of middleware handler functions.
func (mx *Mux) Middlewares() Middlewares {
return mx.middlewares
}
// Match searches the routing tree for a handler that matches the method/path.
// It's similar to routing a http request, but without executing the handler
// thereafter.
//
// Note: the *Context state is updated during execution, so manage
// the state carefully or make a NewRouteContext().
func (mx *Mux) Match(rctx *Context, method, path string) bool {
m, ok := methodMap[method]
if !ok {
return false
}
node, _, h := mx.tree.FindRoute(rctx, m, path)
if node != nil && node.subroutes != nil {
rctx.RoutePath = mx.nextRoutePath(rctx)
return node.subroutes.Match(rctx, method, rctx.RoutePath)
}
return h != nil
}
// NotFoundHandler returns the default Mux 404 responder whenever a route
// cannot be found.
func (mx *Mux) NotFoundHandler() http.HandlerFunc {
if mx.notFoundHandler != nil {
return mx.notFoundHandler
}
return http.NotFound
}
// MethodNotAllowedHandler returns the default Mux 405 responder whenever
// a method cannot be resolved for a route.
func (mx *Mux) MethodNotAllowedHandler() http.HandlerFunc {
if mx.methodNotAllowedHandler != nil {
return mx.methodNotAllowedHandler
}
return methodNotAllowedHandler
}
// buildRouteHandler builds the single mux handler that is a chain of the middleware
// stack, as defined by calls to Use(), and the tree router (Mux) itself. After this
// point, no other middlewares can be registered on this Mux's stack. But you can still
// compose additional middlewares via Group()'s or using a chained middleware handler.
func (mx *Mux) buildRouteHandler() {
mx.handler = chain(mx.middlewares, http.HandlerFunc(mx.routeHTTP))
}
// handle registers a http.Handler in the routing tree for a particular http method
// and routing pattern.
func (mx *Mux) handle(method methodTyp, pattern string, handler http.Handler) *node {
if len(pattern) == 0 || pattern[0] != '/' {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("chi: routing pattern must begin with '/' in '%s'", pattern))
}
// Build the final routing handler for this Mux.
if !mx.inline && mx.handler == nil {
mx.buildRouteHandler()
}
// Build endpoint handler with inline middlewares for the route
var h http.Handler
if mx.inline {
mx.handler = http.HandlerFunc(mx.routeHTTP)
h = Chain(mx.middlewares...).Handler(handler)
} else {
h = handler
}
// Add the endpoint to the tree and return the node
return mx.tree.InsertRoute(method, pattern, h)
}
// routeHTTP routes a http.Request through the Mux routing tree to serve
// the matching handler for a particular http method.
func (mx *Mux) routeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// Grab the route context object
rctx := r.Context().Value(RouteCtxKey).(*Context)
// The request routing path
routePath := rctx.RoutePath
if routePath == "" {
if r.URL.RawPath != "" {
routePath = r.URL.RawPath
} else {
routePath = r.URL.Path
}
}
// Check if method is supported by chi
if rctx.RouteMethod == "" {
rctx.RouteMethod = r.Method
}
method, ok := methodMap[rctx.RouteMethod]
if !ok {
mx.MethodNotAllowedHandler().ServeHTTP(w, r)
return
}
// Find the route
if _, _, h := mx.tree.FindRoute(rctx, method, routePath); h != nil {
h.ServeHTTP(w, r)
return
}
if rctx.methodNotAllowed {
mx.MethodNotAllowedHandler().ServeHTTP(w, r)
} else {
mx.NotFoundHandler().ServeHTTP(w, r)
}
}
func (mx *Mux) nextRoutePath(rctx *Context) string {
routePath := "/"
nx := len(rctx.routeParams.Keys) - 1 // index of last param in list
if nx >= 0 && rctx.routeParams.Keys[nx] == "*" && len(rctx.routeParams.Values) > nx {
routePath += rctx.routeParams.Values[nx]
}
return routePath
}
// Recursively update data on child routers.
func (mx *Mux) updateSubRoutes(fn func(subMux *Mux)) {
for _, r := range mx.tree.routes() {
subMux, ok := r.SubRoutes.(*Mux)
if !ok {
continue
}
fn(subMux)
}
}
// methodNotAllowedHandler is a helper function to respond with a 405,
// method not allowed.
func methodNotAllowedHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.WriteHeader(405)
w.Write(nil)
}

846
vendor/github.com/go-chi/chi/tree.go generated vendored Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,846 @@
package chi
// Radix tree implementation below is a based on the original work by
// Armon Dadgar in https://github.com/armon/go-radix/blob/master/radix.go
// (MIT licensed). It's been heavily modified for use as a HTTP routing tree.
import (
"fmt"
"math"
"net/http"
"regexp"
"sort"
"strconv"
"strings"
)
type methodTyp int
const (
mSTUB methodTyp = 1 << iota
mCONNECT
mDELETE
mGET
mHEAD
mOPTIONS
mPATCH
mPOST
mPUT
mTRACE
)
var mALL = mCONNECT | mDELETE | mGET | mHEAD |
mOPTIONS | mPATCH | mPOST | mPUT | mTRACE
var methodMap = map[string]methodTyp{
http.MethodConnect: mCONNECT,
http.MethodDelete: mDELETE,
http.MethodGet: mGET,
http.MethodHead: mHEAD,
http.MethodOptions: mOPTIONS,
http.MethodPatch: mPATCH,
http.MethodPost: mPOST,
http.MethodPut: mPUT,
http.MethodTrace: mTRACE,
}
// RegisterMethod adds support for custom HTTP method handlers, available
// via Router#Method and Router#MethodFunc
func RegisterMethod(method string) {
if method == "" {
return
}
method = strings.ToUpper(method)
if _, ok := methodMap[method]; ok {
return
}
n := len(methodMap)
if n > strconv.IntSize {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("chi: max number of methods reached (%d)", strconv.IntSize))
}
mt := methodTyp(math.Exp2(float64(n)))
methodMap[method] = mt
mALL |= mt
}
type nodeTyp uint8
const (
ntStatic nodeTyp = iota // /home
ntRegexp // /{id:[0-9]+}
ntParam // /{user}
ntCatchAll // /api/v1/*
)
type node struct {
// node type: static, regexp, param, catchAll
typ nodeTyp
// first byte of the prefix
label byte
// first byte of the child prefix
tail byte
// prefix is the common prefix we ignore
prefix string
// regexp matcher for regexp nodes
rex *regexp.Regexp
// HTTP handler endpoints on the leaf node
endpoints endpoints
// subroutes on the leaf node
subroutes Routes
// child nodes should be stored in-order for iteration,
// in groups of the node type.
children [ntCatchAll + 1]nodes
}
// endpoints is a mapping of http method constants to handlers
// for a given route.
type endpoints map[methodTyp]*endpoint
type endpoint struct {
// endpoint handler
handler http.Handler
// pattern is the routing pattern for handler nodes
pattern string
// parameter keys recorded on handler nodes
paramKeys []string
}
func (s endpoints) Value(method methodTyp) *endpoint {
mh, ok := s[method]
if !ok {
mh = &endpoint{}
s[method] = mh
}
return mh
}
func (n *node) InsertRoute(method methodTyp, pattern string, handler http.Handler) *node {
var parent *node
search := pattern
for {
// Handle key exhaustion
if len(search) == 0 {
// Insert or update the node's leaf handler
n.setEndpoint(method, handler, pattern)
return n
}
// We're going to be searching for a wild node next,
// in this case, we need to get the tail
var label = search[0]
var segTail byte
var segEndIdx int
var segTyp nodeTyp
var segRexpat string
if label == '{' || label == '*' {
segTyp, _, segRexpat, segTail, _, segEndIdx = patNextSegment(search)
}
var prefix string
if segTyp == ntRegexp {
prefix = segRexpat
}
// Look for the edge to attach to
parent = n
n = n.getEdge(segTyp, label, segTail, prefix)
// No edge, create one
if n == nil {
child := &node{label: label, tail: segTail, prefix: search}
hn := parent.addChild(child, search)
hn.setEndpoint(method, handler, pattern)
return hn
}
// Found an edge to match the pattern
if n.typ > ntStatic {
// We found a param node, trim the param from the search path and continue.
// This param/wild pattern segment would already be on the tree from a previous
// call to addChild when creating a new node.
search = search[segEndIdx:]
continue
}
// Static nodes fall below here.
// Determine longest prefix of the search key on match.
commonPrefix := longestPrefix(search, n.prefix)
if commonPrefix == len(n.prefix) {
// the common prefix is as long as the current node's prefix we're attempting to insert.
// keep the search going.
search = search[commonPrefix:]
continue
}
// Split the node
child := &node{
typ: ntStatic,
prefix: search[:commonPrefix],
}
parent.replaceChild(search[0], segTail, child)
// Restore the existing node
n.label = n.prefix[commonPrefix]
n.prefix = n.prefix[commonPrefix:]
child.addChild(n, n.prefix)
// If the new key is a subset, set the method/handler on this node and finish.
search = search[commonPrefix:]
if len(search) == 0 {
child.setEndpoint(method, handler, pattern)
return child
}
// Create a new edge for the node
subchild := &node{
typ: ntStatic,
label: search[0],
prefix: search,
}
hn := child.addChild(subchild, search)
hn.setEndpoint(method, handler, pattern)
return hn
}
}
// addChild appends the new `child` node to the tree using the `pattern` as the trie key.
// For a URL router like chi's, we split the static, param, regexp and wildcard segments
// into different nodes. In addition, addChild will recursively call itself until every
// pattern segment is added to the url pattern tree as individual nodes, depending on type.
func (n *node) addChild(child *node, prefix string) *node {
search := prefix
// handler leaf node added to the tree is the child.
// this may be overridden later down the flow
hn := child
// Parse next segment
segTyp, _, segRexpat, segTail, segStartIdx, segEndIdx := patNextSegment(search)
// Add child depending on next up segment
switch segTyp {
case ntStatic:
// Search prefix is all static (that is, has no params in path)
// noop
default:
// Search prefix contains a param, regexp or wildcard
if segTyp == ntRegexp {
rex, err := regexp.Compile(segRexpat)
if err != nil {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("chi: invalid regexp pattern '%s' in route param", segRexpat))
}
child.prefix = segRexpat
child.rex = rex
}
if segStartIdx == 0 {
// Route starts with a param
child.typ = segTyp
if segTyp == ntCatchAll {
segStartIdx = -1
} else {
segStartIdx = segEndIdx
}
if segStartIdx < 0 {
segStartIdx = len(search)
}
child.tail = segTail // for params, we set the tail
if segStartIdx != len(search) {
// add static edge for the remaining part, split the end.
// its not possible to have adjacent param nodes, so its certainly
// going to be a static node next.
search = search[segStartIdx:] // advance search position
nn := &node{
typ: ntStatic,
label: search[0],
prefix: search,
}
hn = child.addChild(nn, search)
}
} else if segStartIdx > 0 {
// Route has some param
// starts with a static segment
child.typ = ntStatic
child.prefix = search[:segStartIdx]
child.rex = nil
// add the param edge node
search = search[segStartIdx:]
nn := &node{
typ: segTyp,
label: search[0],
tail: segTail,
}
hn = child.addChild(nn, search)
}
}
n.children[child.typ] = append(n.children[child.typ], child)
n.children[child.typ].Sort()
return hn
}
func (n *node) replaceChild(label, tail byte, child *node) {
for i := 0; i < len(n.children[child.typ]); i++ {
if n.children[child.typ][i].label == label && n.children[child.typ][i].tail == tail {
n.children[child.typ][i] = child
n.children[child.typ][i].label = label
n.children[child.typ][i].tail = tail
return
}
}
panic("chi: replacing missing child")
}
func (n *node) getEdge(ntyp nodeTyp, label, tail byte, prefix string) *node {
nds := n.children[ntyp]
for i := 0; i < len(nds); i++ {
if nds[i].label == label && nds[i].tail == tail {
if ntyp == ntRegexp && nds[i].prefix != prefix {
continue
}
return nds[i]
}
}
return nil
}
func (n *node) setEndpoint(method methodTyp, handler http.Handler, pattern string) {
// Set the handler for the method type on the node
if n.endpoints == nil {
n.endpoints = make(endpoints, 0)
}
paramKeys := patParamKeys(pattern)
if method&mSTUB == mSTUB {
n.endpoints.Value(mSTUB).handler = handler
}
if method&mALL == mALL {
h := n.endpoints.Value(mALL)
h.handler = handler
h.pattern = pattern
h.paramKeys = paramKeys
for _, m := range methodMap {
h := n.endpoints.Value(m)
h.handler = handler
h.pattern = pattern
h.paramKeys = paramKeys
}
} else {
h := n.endpoints.Value(method)
h.handler = handler
h.pattern = pattern
h.paramKeys = paramKeys
}
}
func (n *node) FindRoute(rctx *Context, method methodTyp, path string) (*node, endpoints, http.Handler) {
// Reset the context routing pattern and params
rctx.routePattern = ""
rctx.routeParams.Keys = rctx.routeParams.Keys[:0]
rctx.routeParams.Values = rctx.routeParams.Values[:0]
// Find the routing handlers for the path
rn := n.findRoute(rctx, method, path)
if rn == nil {
return nil, nil, nil
}
// Record the routing params in the request lifecycle
rctx.URLParams.Keys = append(rctx.URLParams.Keys, rctx.routeParams.Keys...)
rctx.URLParams.Values = append(rctx.URLParams.Values, rctx.routeParams.Values...)
// Record the routing pattern in the request lifecycle
if rn.endpoints[method].pattern != "" {
rctx.routePattern = rn.endpoints[method].pattern
rctx.RoutePatterns = append(rctx.RoutePatterns, rctx.routePattern)
}
return rn, rn.endpoints, rn.endpoints[method].handler
}
// Recursive edge traversal by checking all nodeTyp groups along the way.
// It's like searching through a multi-dimensional radix trie.
func (n *node) findRoute(rctx *Context, method methodTyp, path string) *node {
nn := n
search := path
for t, nds := range nn.children {
ntyp := nodeTyp(t)
if len(nds) == 0 {
continue
}
var xn *node
xsearch := search
var label byte
if search != "" {
label = search[0]
}
switch ntyp {
case ntStatic:
xn = nds.findEdge(label)
if xn == nil || !strings.HasPrefix(xsearch, xn.prefix) {
continue
}
xsearch = xsearch[len(xn.prefix):]
case ntParam, ntRegexp:
// short-circuit and return no matching route for empty param values
if xsearch == "" {
continue
}
// serially loop through each node grouped by the tail delimiter
for idx := 0; idx < len(nds); idx++ {
xn = nds[idx]
// label for param nodes is the delimiter byte
p := strings.IndexByte(xsearch, xn.tail)
if p < 0 {
if xn.tail == '/' {
p = len(xsearch)
} else {
continue
}
}
if ntyp == ntRegexp && xn.rex != nil {
if xn.rex.Match([]byte(xsearch[:p])) == false {
continue
}
} else if strings.IndexByte(xsearch[:p], '/') != -1 {
// avoid a match across path segments
continue
}
rctx.routeParams.Values = append(rctx.routeParams.Values, xsearch[:p])
xsearch = xsearch[p:]
break
}
default:
// catch-all nodes
rctx.routeParams.Values = append(rctx.routeParams.Values, search)
xn = nds[0]
xsearch = ""
}
if xn == nil {
continue
}
// did we find it yet?
if len(xsearch) == 0 {
if xn.isLeaf() {
h, _ := xn.endpoints[method]
if h != nil && h.handler != nil {
rctx.routeParams.Keys = append(rctx.routeParams.Keys, h.paramKeys...)
return xn
}
// flag that the routing context found a route, but not a corresponding
// supported method
rctx.methodNotAllowed = true
}
}
// recursively find the next node..
fin := xn.findRoute(rctx, method, xsearch)
if fin != nil {
return fin
}
// Did not find final handler, let's remove the param here if it was set
if xn.typ > ntStatic {
if len(rctx.routeParams.Values) > 0 {
rctx.routeParams.Values = rctx.routeParams.Values[:len(rctx.routeParams.Values)-1]
}
}
}
return nil
}
func (n *node) findEdge(ntyp nodeTyp, label byte) *node {
nds := n.children[ntyp]
num := len(nds)
idx := 0
switch ntyp {
case ntStatic, ntParam, ntRegexp:
i, j := 0, num-1
for i <= j {
idx = i + (j-i)/2
if label > nds[idx].label {
i = idx + 1
} else if label < nds[idx].label {
j = idx - 1
} else {
i = num // breaks cond
}
}
if nds[idx].label != label {
return nil
}
return nds[idx]
default: // catch all
return nds[idx]
}
}
func (n *node) isEmpty() bool {
for _, nds := range n.children {
if len(nds) > 0 {
return false
}
}
return true
}
func (n *node) isLeaf() bool {
return n.endpoints != nil
}
func (n *node) findPattern(pattern string) bool {
nn := n
for _, nds := range nn.children {
if len(nds) == 0 {
continue
}
n = nn.findEdge(nds[0].typ, pattern[0])
if n == nil {
continue
}
var idx int
var xpattern string
switch n.typ {
case ntStatic:
idx = longestPrefix(pattern, n.prefix)
if idx < len(n.prefix) {
continue
}
case ntParam, ntRegexp:
idx = strings.IndexByte(pattern, '}') + 1
case ntCatchAll:
idx = longestPrefix(pattern, "*")
default:
panic("chi: unknown node type")
}
xpattern = pattern[idx:]
if len(xpattern) == 0 {
return true
}
return n.findPattern(xpattern)
}
return false
}
func (n *node) routes() []Route {
rts := []Route{}
n.walk(func(eps endpoints, subroutes Routes) bool {
if eps[mSTUB] != nil && eps[mSTUB].handler != nil && subroutes == nil {
return false
}
// Group methodHandlers by unique patterns
pats := make(map[string]endpoints, 0)
for mt, h := range eps {
if h.pattern == "" {
continue
}
p, ok := pats[h.pattern]
if !ok {
p = endpoints{}
pats[h.pattern] = p
}
p[mt] = h
}
for p, mh := range pats {
hs := make(map[string]http.Handler, 0)
if mh[mALL] != nil && mh[mALL].handler != nil {
hs["*"] = mh[mALL].handler
}
for mt, h := range mh {
if h.handler == nil {
continue
}
m := methodTypString(mt)
if m == "" {
continue
}
hs[m] = h.handler
}
rt := Route{p, hs, subroutes}
rts = append(rts, rt)
}
return false
})
return rts
}
func (n *node) walk(fn func(eps endpoints, subroutes Routes) bool) bool {
// Visit the leaf values if any
if (n.endpoints != nil || n.subroutes != nil) && fn(n.endpoints, n.subroutes) {
return true
}
// Recurse on the children
for _, ns := range n.children {
for _, cn := range ns {
if cn.walk(fn) {
return true
}
}
}
return false
}
// patNextSegment returns the next segment details from a pattern:
// node type, param key, regexp string, param tail byte, param starting index, param ending index
func patNextSegment(pattern string) (nodeTyp, string, string, byte, int, int) {
ps := strings.Index(pattern, "{")
ws := strings.Index(pattern, "*")
if ps < 0 && ws < 0 {
return ntStatic, "", "", 0, 0, len(pattern) // we return the entire thing
}
// Sanity check
if ps >= 0 && ws >= 0 && ws < ps {
panic("chi: wildcard '*' must be the last pattern in a route, otherwise use a '{param}'")
}
var tail byte = '/' // Default endpoint tail to / byte
if ps >= 0 {
// Param/Regexp pattern is next
nt := ntParam
// Read to closing } taking into account opens and closes in curl count (cc)
cc := 0
pe := ps
for i, c := range pattern[ps:] {
if c == '{' {
cc++
} else if c == '}' {
cc--
if cc == 0 {
pe = ps + i
break
}
}
}
if pe == ps {
panic("chi: route param closing delimiter '}' is missing")
}
key := pattern[ps+1 : pe]
pe++ // set end to next position
if pe < len(pattern) {
tail = pattern[pe]
}
var rexpat string
if idx := strings.Index(key, ":"); idx >= 0 {
nt = ntRegexp
rexpat = key[idx+1:]
key = key[:idx]
}
if len(rexpat) > 0 {
if rexpat[0] != '^' {
rexpat = "^" + rexpat
}
if rexpat[len(rexpat)-1] != '$' {
rexpat = rexpat + "$"
}
}
return nt, key, rexpat, tail, ps, pe
}
// Wildcard pattern as finale
if ws < len(pattern)-1 {
panic("chi: wildcard '*' must be the last value in a route. trim trailing text or use a '{param}' instead")
}
return ntCatchAll, "*", "", 0, ws, len(pattern)
}
func patParamKeys(pattern string) []string {
pat := pattern
paramKeys := []string{}
for {
ptyp, paramKey, _, _, _, e := patNextSegment(pat)
if ptyp == ntStatic {
return paramKeys
}
for i := 0; i < len(paramKeys); i++ {
if paramKeys[i] == paramKey {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("chi: routing pattern '%s' contains duplicate param key, '%s'", pattern, paramKey))
}
}
paramKeys = append(paramKeys, paramKey)
pat = pat[e:]
}
}
// longestPrefix finds the length of the shared prefix
// of two strings
func longestPrefix(k1, k2 string) int {
max := len(k1)
if l := len(k2); l < max {
max = l
}
var i int
for i = 0; i < max; i++ {
if k1[i] != k2[i] {
break
}
}
return i
}
func methodTypString(method methodTyp) string {
for s, t := range methodMap {
if method == t {
return s
}
}
return ""
}
type nodes []*node
// Sort the list of nodes by label
func (ns nodes) Sort() { sort.Sort(ns); ns.tailSort() }
func (ns nodes) Len() int { return len(ns) }
func (ns nodes) Swap(i, j int) { ns[i], ns[j] = ns[j], ns[i] }
func (ns nodes) Less(i, j int) bool { return ns[i].label < ns[j].label }
// tailSort pushes nodes with '/' as the tail to the end of the list for param nodes.
// The list order determines the traversal order.
func (ns nodes) tailSort() {
for i := len(ns) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
if ns[i].typ > ntStatic && ns[i].tail == '/' {
ns.Swap(i, len(ns)-1)
return
}
}
}
func (ns nodes) findEdge(label byte) *node {
num := len(ns)
idx := 0
i, j := 0, num-1
for i <= j {
idx = i + (j-i)/2
if label > ns[idx].label {
i = idx + 1
} else if label < ns[idx].label {
j = idx - 1
} else {
i = num // breaks cond
}
}
if ns[idx].label != label {
return nil
}
return ns[idx]
}
// Route describes the details of a routing handler.
type Route struct {
Pattern string
Handlers map[string]http.Handler
SubRoutes Routes
}
// WalkFunc is the type of the function called for each method and route visited by Walk.
type WalkFunc func(method string, route string, handler http.Handler, middlewares ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler) error
// Walk walks any router tree that implements Routes interface.
func Walk(r Routes, walkFn WalkFunc) error {
return walk(r, walkFn, "")
}
func walk(r Routes, walkFn WalkFunc, parentRoute string, parentMw ...func(http.Handler) http.Handler) error {
for _, route := range r.Routes() {
mws := make([]func(http.Handler) http.Handler, len(parentMw))
copy(mws, parentMw)
mws = append(mws, r.Middlewares()...)
if route.SubRoutes != nil {
if err := walk(route.SubRoutes, walkFn, parentRoute+route.Pattern, mws...); err != nil {
return err
}
continue
}
for method, handler := range route.Handlers {
if method == "*" {
// Ignore a "catchAll" method, since we pass down all the specific methods for each route.
continue
}
fullRoute := parentRoute + route.Pattern
if chain, ok := handler.(*ChainHandler); ok {
if err := walkFn(method, fullRoute, chain.Endpoint, append(mws, chain.Middlewares...)...); err != nil {
return err
}
} else {
if err := walkFn(method, fullRoute, handler, mws...); err != nil {
return err
}
}
}
}
return nil
}

1
vendor/modules.txt vendored
View File

@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
github.com/alecthomas/kong github.com/alecthomas/kong
# github.com/go-chi/chi v4.0.2+incompatible # github.com/go-chi/chi v4.0.2+incompatible
## explicit ## explicit
github.com/go-chi/chi
# github.com/go-yaml/yaml v2.1.0+incompatible # github.com/go-yaml/yaml v2.1.0+incompatible
## explicit ## explicit
# github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0 # github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0